S U M M A R I E S O F M A J O R A R T I C L E S

O.I. Zubova. The King and His Subjects in the Pyramid texts

The author of the article considers some ideas of the symbolic language of the Pyramid texts (III millenium B.C.) by which the mutual relations of the Egyptian king and his subjects were marked both in this and in the other world. In the focus of attention is the term rxyt implying the categories of human society which are unified by the semantic meaning of “subjects”. The special emphasis is put on the ethnical meaning of this term, which has either a neutral or a negative sense and also on the ontological roots of the category of subjects in the religious and political ideas of the Egyptians.

Key words: Ancient Egypt, rekhit, Pyramid texts

S.A. Vasyutin. The Main Models of Organizing Power in the Nomads of Central Asia at the Period of the Early Middle Ages in the Light of the Multilinearness Theory.

The method of study is constructed on the synthesis of the neo-evolutionary conception of the political genesis, the theory of multilinear evolution, a world-system and cross-cultural analysis. The analysis of the system of ruling the nomadic societies of Central Asia in the V–XI centuries is built on this basis. In this article an emphasis is made on the distinctive features of power systems in different nomadic societies with the purpose of creating their model typology.

A composition of nomadic societies shows a diversity of the ways of the nomads’ political development, which is reflected in the suggested typology of the successive political regimes; this typology consists of four stages of complexity of power institutions in the nomads: 1. leaderless and segmentary nomadic societies; 2. complex “secondary” chiefdoms; 3. nomadic empires (supercomplex chiefdoms); 4. states. On each stage two “theoretical models” are singled out, one of which is represented by less consolidated, less complex polities, the second one is represented by the more integrated, hierarchical and complicated systems of power. The revealed eight types on nomadic unions are distinctive basis models, of which the parameters may be specified concerning each nomadic society.

Key words: the nomadic societies of Central Asia, political genesis (development), many lines of development, the models of organization of power, leaderless and segmentary polities, complex “secondary” chiefdoms, nomadic empires, nomadic-settled states

S.A. Bogomolov. Strategic Foundations of Policy by the North – West Frontier of the British India (the Last One Third of XIX Century)

The last decades of the XIX century are marked of the growth of the competition of the Great Britain and Russia for partition of the spheres of influence in the continental Eurasia. The mountain systems of the Pamir, Hinducush and Himalayas were a natural geographical borders between British and Russian empires. This article is devoted to the study of some strategic conceptions and practical political technologies of the guaranteeing of security of the north-west frontier of the British India in the “stripe of the tribes” on the border with Afghanistan. In the 70–90 years of the XIX century its region had become the zone of the permanent disturbances and mutinie’s of tribes, which serious threaded of the stability in the British India.

The conceptions of the “closed border” (L. Griffin) and “forward policy” (G. Curzon, A. Colvin) become alternative strategies of the guaranteeing of security of the indo-afghan frontier. The discussions of the British military and civil specialists, intellectuals and officials are served to search of optimal decisions in the concrete crisis situations.

Kew words: British empire, Russian empire, India, Afghanistan, border, security, tribes

V.G. Datsyshen. The Interned, Deported and the Prisoners of War: the Unknown Pages of the History of Chinese Migration to Russia

The article is devoted to the problems of the history of the interned, deported and war prisoner Chinese in Russia. In different periods of Russia’s history Chinese refugees came to Russia, tens of thousands of the Chinese were placed in different regions as interned persons; there are examples of the “war prisoner Chinese”; quite often the Russian authorities deported the Chinese to their country or used a forced removal of the Chinese migrants to other regions. The biggest groups of Chinese refugees were interned on the frontier in the years 1860 and 1930; in the period of war conflicts of 1900 and 1929, of different wars the war prisoner Chinese appeared in Russia. In the period of the sharpening of the external and internal political situation the Chinese migrants were subjected to deportations and political repression. A contradictory formal and legal status of the Chinese migrants during the whole history of the Russian-Chinese relations does not allow to speak in a single and simple way about the character and formal status of forced migrants.

Key words: Russia and China, the Chinese migration, internment, deportation

A.A. Kutsenkov. Many-Faced Hindutva

Hindutva is a phenomenon of the spiritual and social and political life typical of India. In spite of all its contradictions the hindutva remains the opposite to secularism, to democracy, a variety of the Hindu religious and communal chauvinism. Having formed ideologically and organizationally in the 20-s of the last century as a narrow and limited current of the land-owner and caste elite it turned into a mass social and political movement claming political power in the country. The influence of the hindutva in the masses is determined by many circumstances and by the fact that it has deep historical, social and cultural roots, and also by its call not only to reason, but to people’s feelings, has experienced personnel and a ramified organizational infrastructure.

Key words: Hindutva, Family Sangha, Bharatiya Janata Party, Constitution of India

A.Yu. Drugov. The Difficult Roads of an Independent Indonesia

The history of the Republic of Indonesia that marks the 65-th year of its independence this year is full of dramatic events, which have accompanied the development of the peoples that got freedom after the Second world war. Many of these, like Indonesia, found themselves on the brink of a collapse, but not all, as Indonesia did, have managed to avoid it.

On August the 17-0th, 1945, a community of nationalities inhabiting the thousands of islands of a archipelago, the greatest one in the world, being on different stages of development from modern cities and industrial centres of Java and Sumatra down to cannibalism of the Stone Age on New Guinea got independence.

Key words: Indonesia, the unevenness of the economic and social development of regions, Sukarno, Sukharto, the kabirs, “the Berkley mafia”, Khabibi, ASEAN, “A New order”

N.Yu. Ulchenko. A New Approach to the Division into Periods of the Economic History of the Turkish Republic

The author of the article uses as a starting point the division into periods of the economic history of republican Turkey that has formed in Soviet Turkish studies and is based on the relationship of the scales of the state and private property, first of all in industry. Having shown the possibilities of this approach the author, proceeding from its limitedness as of any economic model, suggests the alternative approaches to singling out the periods of the economic development of the Turkish Republic on the basis, firstly, of an analysis of the interconditional peculiarities of the fiscal and the credit-monetary policy, and, secondly, by using the approaches of the institutional economy, which allow to explain the specific long-term tendencies revealed in the analysis of the budgetary and tax activity of the state and of the dynamics of the money offer. As a result, in the authors opinion, it becomes possible to get a more multidimensional picture of Turkey’s economic development and also to predict its further development more precisely.

Key words: fiscal policy, monetary policy, budgetary and tax activity, money supply, institutionalism

K.K. Tuzov. The Moslems of Europe: the Present and the Future

There is no single opinion about the policy of the EU towards the Moslem immigrants. The sum of tendencies in different spheres (ideology, the problems of a social and political character, the civil dialogue between the Islamic and Europen public structures, etc.) allows to draw a conclusion about the non-progressive character of political efforts on both “sides”, if one judges about progress from the point of view of realizing an ideal variant of an integration-tolerance project. In this connection the question about what exactly the governments of the European states want to achieve giving “a tune” to the dialogue between the Islamic and the traditional cultures on the expanses of Europe, becomes especially topical. It is probable that the final purpose of their policy is the conservation and reproduction of the social oppression of the Moslem sector of the population, which is indicated by many factors.

Key words: islamization, reproduction, inequality, islamofobia – the cultural expansion, extremism

M.S. Kurbak. The Writer and His Time – J.M. Coetzee, the Nobel Prize Winner

M.S.Kurbak's article is important, for being topical. Until now, in Russia, it is very little known and, unfortunately, little written about Coetzee, who is a South African writer, the Nobel Prize winner for literature in 2003, and two-time Booker Prize winner. Despite of the fact, that by present time, 8 of Coetzee's books were published in the Russian language, despite of the continuously growing interest to his novels among Russian readers, his novels still remain poorly studied. The present article highlights Coetzee's biography in detail, mentions about the basic problems, which the writer raised in his novels, reflects discussions around his novels in Russia, Europe and South Africa, and explains, why it's really worth reading Coetzee. The article is based on many sources, including Coetzee's novels (e.g. recent ones, which haven't been translated into Russian yet), his memoirs, critical essays, and also articles in local and foreign press, devoted to his life and novelism.

Key words: Coetzee, South African literature, apartheid, Nobel Prize, Booker Prize

G.F. Blagova. E.K. Pekarsky in the Letters by A.N. Samoylovich (to the 150-th Year Since E.K. Pekarsky’s Birthday, 1858–1934)

In the historiography connected with Turkic studies the problem of the mutual relations between scientists of the same period – both the creative ones and the personal ones – has always been given great attention. At present when the work over the preparation and publication of the scientific and epistolary heritage of A.N. Samoylovich has been completed, it has become possible to introduce into the historiography on Turkic studies the forgotten or formerly unknown facts confirmed by documents now and also the specified information not only about the figures of the published correspondence, but also about the persons indirectly connected with it, and correspondingly about the mutual relations of both ones in life situations and scientific activities.

Key words: Pekarsky, Samoylovich, Turkic studies

V.N. Shkunov. The Bukhara Jews in the Commercial Relations Between Russia and the Khanates of Middle Asia in the Second Half of the XVIII – XIX Century

The trade and economic relations between the Russian empire and the adjoining countries of the East expanded from the second half of the XVIII century. The mutually beneficial trade attracted the most different strata of society. The representations of different nationalities, were drawn into the exchange of goods at the markets of Middle Asia: they were merchants from Russia, India, Afghanistan, Iran, China and the local traders. The Bukhara Jews, who had great experience of enterpreneurship, played a special role in the Russian eastern trade.

Key words: the Bukhara Jews, the khanates of Middle Asia, Russia Turkestan

V.M. Krasin. The Expulsion from the Caucasus of the Sufi Sheiks of Tarikat Kadiriya (on the Basis of the Materials of Regional Archives)

After the North-Eastern Caucasus becoming part of the Russian empire and the end of the Caucasian war the question of preserving social stability and preventing new armed attacks had become especially topical for the government. In this period in Chechnya, Ingushetia and some regions of Dagestan the Sufi taricat kadiriya had spread, part of whose followers soon began to use this teaching for political purposes; it aroused apprehension in the Caucasian administration. The article illuminates some episodes connected with the administrative exile of the influential leaders of the taricat kadiriya – Kunta khadji Kishiev, Bamat-Girey khadji Mitaev, Batal-khadji Belkhoroev, Chamirza-khadji Khamirzaev, Suraipa-mullah Gousumov and other – to the internal provinces of Russia.

Key words: the administrative exile, the military people’s rule, taricat, zikr, sheikh, vird, the North-Eastern Caucasus