S U M M A R I E S O F M A J O R A R T I C L E S

I.G. Semyonov. About Origin of the Dynasty of the Khazar Kagans and Time of the Khazar Kaganate Formation

By the author’s opinion, most well argued hypothesis for time and circumstance of the Khazar Kaganate formation belongs to M.I. Artamonov. According to his standpoint, this state was formed beside 651 by subverted West Turkic Kagan, which running in Khazaria.

Key words: M.I. Artamonov, Khazar Kaganate, Khazaria, Khazar-elteber.

I.A. Ryabinina. The Peculiarities of Vietnam Resistence to the Mongol-Chinese Invasion (the Second Half of the XIII Century)

The author of the article examines the attempt of a Mongol-Chinese conquest of Vietnam in the second half of the XIII century; the author analyzes the course of military operations, the methods of conquest and the typical features of resistance to this conquest; she shows the causes of the victory of the Vietnamese people. She carries out the analysis of the Vietnamese’ behaviour at the time of Mongol-Chinese invasions in the second half of the XIII century, she examines the understanding of this behaviour ?xed in ideological standards (represented in chronicle collections); ?nally she compares this behaviour with other types of behaviour and the ideological standards of anoher civilization (as the more studied one in this connection the Orthodox civilization has been chosen in its Russian variant), that has also been subjected to the Mongol aggression in the XIII century.

The main source for this study has been the Vietnamese of?cial chronicle “Day Viet shi Ki toan tkhi” (“The complete collection of the historical notes by the Great Viet”) in the ?fth chapter of which the Mongol-Chinese invasion of Vietnam is described.

Key words: Day Viet, Yuan, Mongol-Chinese, Khubilay, Togkhan, Champah, scorched earth policy.

V.Ts. Golovachev. The Policy of Subduing the Aborigines in the Early Period of the Dutch Colonization of Taiwan (1624–1636)

In 1624 the Dutch East India Company founded a base in Taiwan for trade with China turning the island into its colony. But the autority of the Company did not embrace the whole island and all the different tribes of its inhabitants. With some of them the Company concluded peace, with others it kept “cautious neutrality”, but with some others it had to ?ght. Finally some lands and tribes had managed to remain outside the Dutch reach. Tranquillity, loyalty and the ability to exploit the natives in the Company’s interests were the main conditions which the Dutch wanted to secure, but did not after all manage to achieve them during the all 38 years of possessing the island. This article is devoted to the policy of the East India Company concerning the natives of Formosa during the ?rst years of the Dutch rule (1624–1636).

Kew words: the Dutch East India Company, China, Ming Empire, Formosa, Taiwan.

A.D. Vasilyev. The Keeping of the Documents and Archives Affair in Ottoman Empire

The article deals with the history of Ottoman archives and documentation in the period of Ottoman Empire. From the beginning of the Ottoman history, archives were very important for Turkish sultans. The status of the documents was the same as royal treasury. But to the end of XVIII century the archives were in bad condition due to preserving problems and unauthorized use of the documents. The problem of keeping and preserving ottoman archival materials was on the agenda during the period of Tanzimat because of modernization process in Ottoman Empire. In this period the number of different papers and documents rapidly increased, and ottoman administration faced the shortage of quali?ed personnel, who could read the old papers, and also the shortage of storage areas for different documents. The signi?cant change in the history of Ottoman archives came at the beginning of XX century, when private persons got access to the state archives for historical research. Now, Ottoman archives are open for research, and they could be used as a very rich source on Russian-Ottoman relations.

Key words: Ottoman Empire, Archives, documentation, Turkish history.

N.V. Tsyrempilov. The Russian Empire as it Was Seen by the Buryat Buddhists in the XVIII – Beginning of the XX Centuries. The History-Anthropological Research

The analysis of Buddhist sources clearly shows that from the beginning of the history of the contacts between the Buddhists and the Russian authorities the empire and the emperor were always described by the Buddhist historiographers in the same ?attering terms regardless of all the restrictions, discriminations and even repression’s carried out by these authorities towards the Buddhist institutions. With what was this, at ?rst sight, unscruputous position of submission and loyality connected, was it part of some general strategy? The author of the article tries to understand the conceptualization of the religious identity shown in a narrative discourse of the Buryat Buddhists themselves, their picture of the world, in which the empire with a different religion was given an impornat role.

Key words: Buryat Buddhists, the Russian Empire and Buddhism, transbaykalan Buryats.

I.B. Bochkareva. A Struggle on the Questions of Tactics in the Indian National Congress (the First Half of the 1920-s)

On the stage of the national-liberation movenment the Indian National Congress included groups and currents that in different ways approached the question of the methods of struggle, but a general purpose, the achievement of self-government and the internal consensus concerning the constitutional character of the forms of activity, consolidated the party. Because of the heterogeneousness in ideology and political views in the Indian National Congress disputes periodecially arose in it about the purposes and tactics of the national struggle. At the same time in the course of internal disputes in the party a more ?exible tactical line was being worked out that allowed the party to move forward to its purpose. The importance of the struggle within the party that had developed in the Indian National Congress after the end of the ?rst campaign of civil disobedience at the beginning of 1922 was in that the Congress was actually deciding the question whether in its further activity it should use constitutional, parliamentary forms of struggle or fully adopt Gandhi’s doctrine orientated to the revival of traditional public institutions and non-cooperation with the colonial regime. The way out found by the Congress had in many respects determined its strategy on the ?nal stage of the national-liberation movement.

Key words: Indian National Congress, Swaradj party, non-forcible non-cooperation, terms of of? ce/ legislatures.

A.L. Filimonova. Ethnic Regionalism Versus Moslem Community in British India

This article is devoted to the political development of provinces with the Moslem majority in British India in period between the end of the First world war and the formation of the state of Pakistan. The author examines the con? ict between the party of the Moslem league which supported the creation of a single Moslem state and ethnic regional organizations that defended the interests of concrete provinces. These parties, originally very in? uential and enjoying mass support, nevertheless gradually gave up their secular positions under the pressure of an idea of creating a Moslem state. The author of this article examines how the idea of Pakistan was becoming established in the provinces of the Moslem majority, and shows why this process proved to be only the ?rst stage in the confrontation between the ethnic regionalism and the idea of Moslem community, a con?ict that had became the integral part of Pakistan’s political development for many years.

Key words: ethnic regionalism, Moslem community, Pakistan, provinces of Moslem majority, Moslem league, Muhammad Ali Djinnah.

N.N. Tzvetkova. The Global Financial and Economic Crisis and Foreign Direct Investments in Oriental Countries

The subject of the article is the global ?nancial and economic crisis of 2008–2009, its causes and its in? uence on the ?ows of foreign direct investments (FDI). Its negative in?uence on FDI ?ows has been registered and will be felt during the next few years. Still, the in? uence of the crisis varies for different countries, industries, types of investment (market-oriented, resource-oriented and ef?ciency-oriented). Positive rates of economic growth were observed in 2009 in China, India and other large Asian countries while in most countries economic dynamics was negative. Several factors could contribute to the growth of FDI in?ows to Asian countries, as well as to the increase of their role as exporters of capital. Among them are the continuous economic growth in the Asian giants, rapid overcoming of the crisis by other Asian countries, the possibilities of displacement of industries to low-costs countries in order to raise ef?ciency, the decrease in value of assets, new industries attractive for investments, emergence and growing role of new investors – Asian transnational corporations and sovereign wealth funds from Asian countries.

Key words: ?nancial and economic crisis, foreign direct investments, Oriental countries.

A.V. Akimov. The 1/10th of the XXI Century is Over. Discussing “The Long-Term Population Forecast and the Perspectives of Civilizations Interaction”

The author is grateful to the participants of the discussion. Three eastern civilizations that will in? uence the global development in the XXI century were discussed. Culture and natural resources as the frameworks of development were examined by participants. Chinese civilization is considered to be a potential leader while the Indian civilization may become the looser because of the exhaustion of fresh water and soil and Muslim civilization may face cultural and natural limitations to growth. The analysis of future global trends should be performed by teams of scholars who possess a wide range of professional knowledge and individual broad thinking. The current pro?les of population, oil resources, fertile soil and research budgets by civilizations show that different civilizations are leading in these ?elds. This is a precondition for both cooperation and confrontation.

Key words: demographic prognosis, population, civilizations.

A.V. Sarabyev. A.E. Krymsky: the Special Character of Cognizance of the Arab East

The work contains an analysis of the relationship of factors that had an in?uence on the formation of Krymsky’s ideas about the Arab East; the author raises the question about the meaning of a sensual perception of he scienti? c object and the special character of the functioning of an ethnic stereotype in scienti?c studies; the author offers a model of scienti?c cognizance in the ?eld of Oriental studies and examines its realization concerning A.E. Krymsky.

Key words: A.E. Krymsky, the Arab East, scienti?c cognizance, scienti?c object, ethnic stereotype, emotional perception, communicative experience, scienti? c communication.

N.D. Bolsokhoeva. The History of Formation of Medical Atlases in Tibet

The article contains an analysis of the Tibetan medical sources which allow the author to claim that at the basis of the prototype of a collection of medical illustrations in Tibet were the atlases that existed earlier as well as separate tables of an anatomical content having no single format. The created rich graphic material served as visual aids to some chapters, parts, fragments, or medical texts as a whole. The author traces rich and long history of the creation of medical atlases in Tibet, which started from the originally existing separate anatomical tables that served as visual aids for novices studying at the medical faculities of Buddhis monasteries.

Key words: medical atlases, Tibetan medicine, Tibetan anatomical tables.

D.R. Khayrutdinov. Denominations on Medieval Arab Geographical Maps and their Translation into Russian

The article is devoted to maps and pictures of landsmade by medieval Arab geographers. They are viewed from the philological point of view. Special attention is given to translating denominations on the maps to Russian. The author accentuates the importance of considering semantic and stylistic peculiarities of medieval geographical terms.

Key words: Arab cartography, geographical terms, problems of translation, classical Arabic, geography of the Middle Ages.

N.I. Ni. About the Khan Notion in Korean Literture

The article contains a philological analysis of samples of the Korean poetry of the ? rst half of the XX century. The author pays special attention to the role and place of the word khan, which denotes the feelings of discontent, annoyance, resentment, envy, regret, grief, repentance.

Key words: notion khan, South Korean poetry, esthetic-psychological categories in the poetry.

V.N. Tetekin. The Evolution of Political Consciousness of South Africa’s Whites

In the ?rst general election in South African’s history, which took place on April 27-th 1994 with the participation of both the Black and the White population of that country, a decisive victory was won by the Union of democratic forces headed by the African National Congress. The ANC had got 62.5% of votes of the electors thus getting the majority in the South African parliament.

The election results meant the end of the apartheid system, which had existed in the Republic of South Africa. since 1942, from the time of the victory in the elections of the white Nationalist Party and the system of racial discrimination, which had reigned in South Africa almost from the time of the landing of the ? rst white settlers headed by Yan Fan Ribeck in the vicinity of to-day’s Cape Town in 1652.

Key words: South Africa, African National Congress (ANC), apartheid, total strategy, Africaner, white community, reforms.

A.G. Margaryan. The New Method of Processing and Analyzing Medieval Arab Texts Containing Hadiths

This article is devoted to the description of a new method of processing and analyzed medieval Arabic texts containing hadiths. During the research work a new method of processing and analyzing of Arabic texts containing hadiths on the basis of Microsoft Of?ce Excel has been developed and used. The new method allows to signi? cantly reduce time expenses for hadiths’ data processing, to increase the volume of research material, promotes the simpli?cation of work of the researcher with material, qualitatively to raise productivity of processing and the material analysis, to count up and deduce the statistical data on researched issues.

The whole material of Kitab al-mahasin (11 books, 2604 hadiths) of Ahmad al-Barki one of the earliest Shiite authors from Qumm (died in 274/887 or 280/893) has been processed and analyzed by this method. The application of this new method by more researchers in Islamic and Arabic studies will help to work out jointly an interactive database – a program of processing and analysis of medieval hadiths’ sources. This is the far-reaching goal of this new method.

Key words: Ahmad al-Barki, hadiths, Arabic texts.