МОГОЛЬСКИЕ САДЫ: ОБРАЗ РАЯ, СИМВОЛ ВЛАСТИ
MOGOL`SKIE SADY`: OBRAZ RAYa, SIMVOL VLASTI
Аннотация
Садово-парковое искусство наряду с архитектурой и миниатюрной живописью было излюбленной областью культурного патронажа всех Тимуридов, в том числе и Великих Моголов. К садам был неравнодушен и сам Тимур, создавший в пригородах своей столицы Самарканда несколько садов, орошаемых водами Зеравшана. Знаменитый тимуридский сад "Украшающий мир" (Джаханара) был известен далеко за пределами Средней Азии [Brookes, 1987]. Могольские хронисты скрупулезно отмечали даты закладки и названия новых садов и парков как факты государственной важности. Благодаря этому мы можем достаточно полно представить себе хронологию могольского садово-паркового искусства. Для Великих Моголов, как, впрочем, повсюду в мире ислама, земной сад был осознанным воспоминанием и мечтой о мусульманском рае (ал-джанна).
Abstract
The Mughal gardens are a group of garden designs which originate from the Islamic Mughal Empire in the 16<sup>th</sup> to late 17<sup>th</sup> century. The style was influenced by earlier Timurid gardens. The founder ofthe Mughal empire, Babur described his favoured type of garden as a charbagh ("four-gardens"). This word developed a new meaning in India because, as Babur explains, India lacked the fast-flowing streams required for the Central Asian charbagh. India and Pakistan have a number of Mughal gardens in Agra, Kashmir, Lahore etc. which differ from their Central Asian predecessors in their highly disciplined geometry and waterfront layout. The most basic feature is the enclosure of the cultivated area. This excludes the wildness of nature, and includes the tended, watered greenery of the garden. The commonest and easiest layout for the perimeter walls is that of a rectangle, and this forms one of the prime features of this kind of garden. Another common theme is the elaborate use of water, often in canals, ponds or rills, sometimes in fountains, less often in waterfalls of various kinds. The rectangular or rectilinear theme of the garden is often extended to the water features, which may be used to quarter the garden. This layout is echoed in the four rivers of the Garden of Eden, and much of the use and symbolism of the Mughal garden is derived from this connection. The contrast between a formal garden layout with the informality of free-growing plants provides a recurring theme to many Mughal gardens. Early textual references to Mughal gardens are found in the memoirs and biographies of the Mughal emperors, including Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. Later references are found in the accounts of India written by European travellers.
Как цитировать
Суворова А. А. МОГОЛЬСКИЕ САДЫ: ОБРАЗ РАЯ, СИМВОЛ ВЛАСТИ // Восток (Oriens). 2009. № 6. С. 28–38.
How to cite
Anna Suvorova MOGOL`SKIE SADY`: OBRAZ RAYa, SIMVOL VLASTI // Vostok (Oriens). 2009. No. 6. Pp. 28–38.