The article concerns the origin, composition and the specific peculiarities of the culture and social life of the Morisks, the descendants of the Moors of Al-Andalusus, who after the victory of the reconquest in Spain had to adopt Christianity. Their role in Spain's economy, culture, social life is not properly estimated yet and till now is the subject of discussion in the scientific literature (and not only in it) of Spain and other countries. Being driven out of Spain in 1609-1614 they partly perished, partly dispersed in the countries of Islam, mainly in Maghrib, having to a considerable degree influenced its development. At the same time the Morisks's leaving Spain had very negative results, led to the decline of production in agriculture and urban economy, to the military and political weakening of the state, which had lost a very active and skilled section of the population. The injustice towards the Morisks cost dear to Spain.